Income / material wealth is something we can compare cross-culturally. If you have an accessible and reliable indicator of living standards that isn't income, I'm open to using it as our measure for comparison.
We could also use life expectancy. Man did Industrial-Revolution-era Europe suck.
Average life expectancy in London in the 1700s was about 19. West Africa with all those kings wasn't great either, but from memory it hovered in the mid 20s.