@nat brunell , FYI: Most of the questions you asked have been thoroughly explored by Ayn Rand (in the 1960-70s so lacking Bitcoin context of course). @Jeff Booth does a great job at bridging these ideas to the modern world but a study of the philosophical roots can help to really grasp the fundamentals.
Here's a quick non-exhaustive list of references for you to check out if you want to go deeper on the topics:

QUICK REFERENCE LIST:

INFLATION, RESONANCE & DEFLATION (Q1, Q6)
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1. Inflation - Its Cause and Cure (Ayn Rand Letter, Vol III No 10, 1974)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/inflation.html
Full: https://estore.aynrand.org/the-ayn-rand-letter-vol-iii-nos-1-12-1974.html

2. Let Us Shrug Off the Myth of Inflation (Ayn Rand Letter, 1974)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/inflation.html
Full: https://estore.aynrand.org/the-ayn-rand-letter-vol-iii-nos-1-12-1974.html

WHAT IS CAPITALISM? MISCONCEPTIONS (Q2)
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1. What Is Capitalism? (Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, Ch 1, 1966)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/capitalism.html
Full book: https://aynrand.org/novels/capitalism-the-unknown-ideal/

REGULATION, GREED & CORPORATE HARM (Q3,Q4,Q7)
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1. The Anatomy of the State (Ayn Rand Column, 1973)
Full essay: https://ari.aynrand.org/issues/government-and-business/the-anatomy-of-the-state/
Context: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/statism.html

2. America's Persecuted Minority: Big Business (Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, Ch 2, 1966)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/businessmen.html
Full book: https://aynrand.org/novels/capitalism-the-unknown-ideal/

3. The New Fascism: Rule by Consensus (Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, Appendix, 1966)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/fascism.html
Full book: https://aynrand.org/novels/capitalism-the-unknown-ideal/

4. The Nature of Government (Virtue of Selfishness, Ch 1, 1964)
Full essay: https://ari.aynrand.org/issues/government-and-business/the-nature-of-government/
Lexicon: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/government.html

DECLINING QUALITY & CORPORATE BLAME (Q5)
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1. The Moratorium on Brains (A Nation's Unity / Ayn Rand Column, 1963)
Full essay: https://ari.aynrand.org/issues/culture-and-society/the-moratorium-on-brains/
Context: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/intellectuals.html

SELF-INTEREST, PROFITS & MARKETS (Q6)
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1. The Virtue of Selfishness (title essay, Virtue of Selfishness, 1964)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/self-interest.html
Full book: https://aynrand.org/novels/the-virtue-of-selfishness/

MONOPOLIES & PATENTS (Q8)
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1. Patents and Copyrights (Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, Appendix, 1966)
Full essay: https://ari.aynrand.org/issues/intellectual-property/patents-and-copyrights/
Lexicon: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/patents_and_copyrights.html
https://www.aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/monopoly.html

WEALTH CONCENTRATION & MONEY (Q9,Q10)
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1. The Roots of Money (Ayn Rand Letter, Vol I No 23, 1972)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/money.html
Full: https://estore.aynrand.org/the-ayn-rand-letter-vol-i-nos-13-26-1971-72.html

2. Don't Let It Go (Voice of Reason, 1989 posthumous, orig 1970s)
Excerpts: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/america.html
Full book: https://aynrand.org/novels/the-voice-of-reason/

UBI, WELFARE & MINIMAL GOV (Q11,Q12)
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1. The Question of Scholarships (Ayn Rand Letter, Vol I No 3, 1971)
Full essay: https://ari.aynrand.org/issues/education/the-question-of-scholarships/
Context: https://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/scholarships.html